Rana Essays - Rana, Lithobates, Amphibians, Northern Leopard Frog

Rana Pipiens Leopard Frog - Rana Pipiens Distribution: Found throughout Ontario but more abundant in southern and central Americas. Range: Adults maintain small home ranges (up to 500 m2) in fields or open forest during the summer. Where terrestrial habitats are quite dry, home ranges include some shoreline. A minimum of 4 ha of terrestrial habitat is recommended for the vicinity of breeding sites, however, individual adults may move several kilometres away. Most recently metamorphosed froglets stay within 20 m of shoreline although some froglets begin dispersal before metamorphosis is entirely complete. Diet: Larvae eat algae, phytoplankton, periphyton and detritus. Adults eat mainly invertebrates but will also take tadpoles or very small froglets. Reproduction: Successful breeding sites are permanent ponds, marshes, or pools or backwaters of streams. Eggs and tadpoles require warm (prefer 18o - 28o C), shallow, sunny areas. Breeding occurs from mid-March to mid-May in southern Ontario, and a few weeks later further north. Metamorphosis occurs in 2-3 months. Tadpoles require minimum oxygen concentrations of 3 ppm. Habitat: Relative to bullfrogs and green frogs, leopard frogs use open fields more and prefer denser terrestrial vegetation. In aquatic habitats, submerged vegetation, detritus and soft mud are used for cover. Lookout/Sunning Froglets require muddy shorelines, lily pads, rocks, logs or beaver dams with clear access to deeper water. Adults prefer unmowed fields (15 - 30 cm high, no more than 1 m high vegetation) or open forest in the vicinity of shallow open marshes. Connectivity/Corridors Corridors may be required among breeding, hibernation and summeringhabitats, within 2 km. These may be either aquatic (streams or rivers) or terrestrial (field or forest, usually not cropland except during periods of irrigation). Hibernation Hibernate in deep or running water that will not freeze solid or become anoxic. Are found hibernating on muddy substrate or under rocks, sunken logs, leaf litter or vegetation. Oxygen levels at one known successful hibernation site were 7 ppm. Tadpoles metamorphose in the year of hatching. Hydrology Permanent wetlands with fishless areas or near fishless (temporary) wetlands. Breeding requires sufficient water for metamorphosis to be completed (mid-late August). Soils/Substrate In water prefer muddy bottom. On land prefer moist soil, leaf litter or moss. Design Criteria Vegetation Prefer egg-laying sites with emergent vegetation on about 2/3 of edge and submergent vegetation in 1/2 of surface area in May. Structures Rocks, logs, floating vegetation or dams to sun on, with access to deep water. Submerged vegetation, logs or rocks to hide in. Soils, Slope, & Substrate Prefer wetlands with gradual slope at edge. Hydrology Hibernate in streams with minimum depth 90 cm, moderate mid-depth water velocity, minimal sedimentation, and rocks with average diameter of 20 cm. Critical Periods Breed April-June, metamorphose July-September Other Considerations Froglets are used as bait for fishing. Has declined in much of its western range and apparently in northern Ontario. Tadpoles and froglets are vulnerable to predation by large Bullfrogs and fish. Bibliography References Cook, F. R. 1966. Amphibians and reptiles of Saskatchewan. Regina: Saskatchewan Museum of Natural History, Department of Natural Resources. . 1984. Introduction to Canadian Amphibians and Reptiles. Ottawa: National Museum of Natural Sciences. Corn, P. S., and J. C. Fogleman. 1984. Extinction of Montane Populations of the Northern Leopard Frog (Rana pipiens) in Colorado. Journal of Herpetology 18: 147152. Cunjak, R. A. 1986. Winter Habitat of Northern Leopard Frogs, Rana pipiens, in a Southern Ontario Stream. Canadian Journal of Zoology 64: 255257. Emery, A. R., A. H. Berst, and K. Lodaira. 1972. Underice Observations of Wintering Sites of Leopard Frogs. Copeia 1972 (1): 123126. Hammerson Geoffrey A. 1982. Bullfrog Eliminating Leopard Frogs in Colorado? Herp Review 13 (4): 115116. Hine, R. L., B. L. Les, and B. F. Hellmich. 1981. Leopard Frog Populations and Mortality in Wisconsin, 197476. Department of Natural Resources, Madison, Wisconsin. McAlpine, D. F., and T. G. Dilworth. 1989. Microhabitat and Prey Size among Three Species of Rana (Anura: Ranidae) sympatric in eastern Canada. Canadian Journal of Zoology 67: 22442252. Merrell, D. J. 1977. Life History of the Leopard Frog, Rana pipiens, in Minnesota. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Bell Museum of Natural History, University of Minnesota. Niven, B. S., J. C. Moore, and M. G. Stewart. 1982. The Precise Environment of Some WellKnown Animals X. The Leopard Frog (Rana pipiens). Brisbane, Australia: School of Environmental Studies. AES Paper 6/82. 32 p. Roberts, W. E. 1981. What Happened to the Leopard Frogs? Alberta Naturalist 11: 14. Seburn, C. N. L., Seburn David C., and C. A. Paszkowski. in press. Northern Leopard Frog (Rana pipiens) Dispersal in Relation to Habitat. Amphibians in Decline: The Report of the Canadian Declining Amphibian Populations Task Force. Wassersug, R.

Birthright Citizenship in the United States

Birthright Citizenship in the United States Birthright citizenship in the United States is the legal principle that any person born on U.S. soil automatically and immediately becomes a U.S. citizen. It contrasts with U.S. citizenship obtained through naturalization or acquisition- citizenship granted by virtue of being born abroad to at least one U.S. citizen parent. A â€Å"birthright† is defined as any right or privilege to which a person is entitled by virtue of birth. Long challenged in both the courts of law and public opinion, the policy of birthright citizenship remains highly controversial today, particularly when applied to children born to undocumented immigrant parents. Key Takeaways: Birthright Citizenship Birthright citizenship is the legal principle that any person born on U.S. soil automatically becomes a citizen of the United States.Birthright citizenship was established in1868 by the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution and confirmed by the US Supreme Court in the 1898 case of United States v. Wong Kim Ark.Birthright citizenship is granted to persons born in the 50 U.S. states and the U.S. territories of Puerto Rico, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, and the U.S. Virgin Islands.Today, birthright citizenship is a highly controversial issue as it applies to children born to parents who have entered the United States illegally. Jus Soli and Jus Sanguinis Citizenship Birthright citizenship is based on the principle of â€Å"jus soli,† a Latin term meaning â€Å"right of the soil.† According to jus soli, a person’s citizenship is determined by their place of birth. As in the United States, jus soli is the most common means by which citizenship is acquired. Jus Soli is in contrast to â€Å"jus sanguinis,† meaning â€Å"right of the blood,† the principle that a person’s citizenship is determined or acquired by the nationality of one or both parents. In the United States, citizenship can be acquired by either jus soli, or less commonly, by jus sanguinis.   Legal Basis of US Birthright Citizenship In the United States, the policy of birthright citizenship is based in the Citizenship Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, stating â€Å"[a]ll persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside.† Ratified in 1868, the Fourteenth Amendment was enacted to override the 1857 U.S. Supreme Court’s Dred Scott v. Sandford decision which had denied citizenship to former African American slaves. In the 1898 case of United States v. Wong Kim Ark, the U.S. Supreme Court confirmed that under the Fourteenth Amendment, full U.S. citizenship cannot be denied to any person born within the United States, regardless of the citizenship status of the parents at the time. Under the Indian Citizenship Act of 1924, birthright citizenship is similarly granted to any person born in the United States to a member of an Indian, Eskimo, Aleutian, or other aboriginal tribe. Under the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952, U.S. jus soli birthright citizenship, as established by the Fourteenth Amendment, is automatically granted to any person born within any of the 50 states and the territories of Puerto Rico, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. In addition, jus sanguinis birthright citizenship is granted (with some exceptions) to persons born to U.S. citizens while in other countries.   The above statutes and subsequent legislative amendments are compiled and codified into the United States Code of Federal Laws at 8 U.S.C.  § 1401 to define who becomes a United States citizen at birth. According to federal law, the following persons shall be deemed U.S. citizens at birth: A person born in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof.A person born in the United States to a member of an Indian, Eskimo, Aleutian, or other aboriginal tribe.A person born in an outlying possession of the United States of parents one of whom is a citizen of the United States who has been physically present in the United States or one of its outlying possessions for a continuous period of one year at any time prior to the birth of such person.A person of unknown parentage found in the United States while under the age of five years, until shown, prior to his attaining the age of twenty-one years, not to have been born in the United States. The Birthright Citizenship Debate While the legal concept of birthright citizenship has withstood years of challenges in the courts of law, its policy of automatically granting U.S. citizenship to children of undocumented immigrants has not fared as well in the court of public opinion. For example, a 2015 Pew Research Center survey found that 53% of Republicans, 23% of Democrats, and 42% of Americans overall favor changing the Constitution to bar citizenship for children born in the U.S. to undocumented immigrant parents. Many opponents of birthright citizenship argue that it encourages expectant parents to come to the U.S. simply to give birth in order to improve their own chances of attaining legal resident (green card) status- a practice often called â€Å"birth tourism.† According to a Pew Hispanic Center analysis of Census Bureau data, an estimated 340,000 of the 4.3 million babies born in the United States in 2008 were born to â€Å"unauthorized immigrants.† The Pew study further estimates that a total of about four million American-born children of unauthorized immigrant parents lived in the U.S. in 2009, along with about 1.1 million foreign-born children of unauthorized immigrant parents. Controversially calling it the â€Å"anchor baby† situation, some lawmakers have suggested legislation to change how and when birthright citizenship is granted. The 2015 Pew analysis found that birthright citizenship was granted to about 275,000 babies born to undocumented immigrant parents in 2014, or about 7% of all births in the U.S. that year. That number represents a drop from the peak year of illegal immigration in 2006 when about 370,000 children- about 9% of all births- were born to undocumented immigrants. In addition, about 90% of undocumented immigrants who give birth in the U.S. have resided in the country for more than two years before giving birth. On October 30, 2018, President Donald Trump escalated the debate by stating that he intended to issue an executive order completely removing the right of citizenship to people born in the U.S. to foreign nationals under any circumstances- an act some argue would essentially repeal the Fourteenth Amendment. The president set no timeline for his proposed order, so birthright citizenship- as established by the Fourteenth Amendment and United States v. Wong Kim Ark- remains the law of the land. Other Countries With Birthright Citizenship According to the independent, non-partisan Center for Immigration Studies, the United States along with Canada and 37 other countries, most of which are in the Western Hemisphere, offer largely unrestricted jus soli birthright citizenship. No Western Europe countries offer unrestricted birthright citizenship to all children born within their borders. Over the last decade, many countries, including France, New Zealand, and Australia, have abandoned birthright citizenship. In 2005, Ireland became the last country in the European Union to abolish birthright citizenship. Sources and Further Reference Arthur, Andrew R. (November 5, 2018). Birthright Citizenship: An Overview. Center for Immigration Studies.Smith, Rogers M. (2009). Birthright Citizenship and the Fourteenth Amendment in 1868 and 2008. University of Pennsylvania Journal of Constitutional Law.Lee, Margaret (May 12, 2006). U.S. Citizenship of Persons Born in the United States to Alien Parents. Congressional Research Service.Da Silva, Chantal. (October 30, 2018). Trump Says He Plans to Sign Executive Order to Terminate Birthright Citizenship. CNN.

All About Glosses, or Brief Definitions

All About Glosses, or Brief Definitions All About Glosses, or Brief Definitions All About Glosses, or Brief Definitions By Mark Nichol One of my pet peeves as an editor (and editors are notoriously peevish, and we only become more so with experience) is the presentation of glosses. A gloss, in language, is a brief definition or explanation of an unfamiliar term or concept. (The previous sentence includes a gloss of the word gloss, though a fairly long one; they often consist of a single word, or several at most.) Two of the more familiar definitions of gloss as a noun can be described as â€Å"a concealment of truth† (virtually antonymic to the meaning under discussion here) and â€Å"an act of putting a positive spin on something,† which is related to the connotation of deceit; the sense of gloss as â€Å"explanation,† however, is more akin to the idea of providing a sheen with a clear view to what’s underneath, as in â€Å"lip gloss† or â€Å"high-gloss paint.† One problem with language glosses is that they invite the use of scare quotes, or gratuitous quotation marks that frame a word or phrase to provide emphasis. (That last phrase is a gloss of â€Å"scare quotes.† Also, understand that the quotes here, in turn, are not scare quotes but, rather, valid markers of a phrase I want to call out for attention, like a word italicized to emphasize that the word itself, not the thing, is under discussion.) Note the unnecessary use of scare quotes in the following sentence (formatted as single quotation marks because the sample sentence is framed in double quotes): â€Å"The trend of cross-border reproductive care, or ‘medical tourism,’ is popular in Europe.† But there’s another, equally egregious issue: The gloss precedes the term. In addition to omitting the scare quotes, introduce the term, then gloss it, not the other way around: â€Å"The trend of medical tourism, or cross-border reproductive care, is popular in Europe.† Scare quotes are extraneous when introducing slang, too. Look at this sentence: â€Å"I realized she was speaking Singaporean English, or ‘Singlish.’† The scare quotes are condescending, as if the writer is holding the reader’s hand, patting it, and saying, â€Å"There, there, dear. I’ll protect you from any scary words you haven’t seen before. See? There’s one up ahead right now.† And, again, why explain the term before the reader reads it? Let the reader dance on the precipice of danger for an instant: â€Å"I realized she was speaking Singlish, or Singaporean English.† Worse yet when glosses are concerned is the absence of appositive punctuation, as here: â€Å"They built the domed snow houses or igloos most people associate with Eskimos.† Never mind that igloos is not exactly an exotic term, and that the definition precedes it; the lack of internal punctuation implies that the object is â€Å"domed snow houses or (domed) igloos.† In fact, the object is â€Å"domed snow houses,† followed by the appositive term igloos. (An appositive is a term equivalent in meaning to another one, as in â€Å"the writer Melville† or â€Å"the country of Morocco† or â€Å"the runner-up, Smith.† Note that common appositives are set off from proper ones with commas only if they’re restrictive, or can apply only to a specific corresponding noun. There there’s another gloss right there.) Notice that the first two examples in this post correctly set the gloss off from the defined term with a brace of commas. The correct form of the third example follows: â€Å"They built the igloos, or domed snow houses, most people associate with Eskimos.† The bottom line: Put a shine on your glosses by placing them after the defined term and framing them within commas (or parentheses or em dashes, if either seems more appropriate). Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Writing Basics category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:How to Format a US Business Letter11 Writing Exercises to Inspire You and Strengthen Your Writing10 Tips for Clean, Clear Writing

Ethics and law in business and society Research Paper

Ethics and law in business and society - Research Paper Example Ethics represents the doctrine related to moral philosophy, which incorporates systematic, defending and recommending concepts that further intend to segregate between the right deeds and wrong deeds. The anthropomorphic view reflects about the human behavior of following an order under the enforcement of lawThis view is generally adapted by individuals and entities as a phenomenon of natural pride for being able to provide a meaning to their world. Ironically, the underlying fact is that human beings pertain to be the actual source of morals and ethics. Therein, imposition of laws to raise the ethical standard of human beings is often contravened with skeptic arguments concerning its effectiveness. One such example had been the enactment of Hippocratic Oath, which has continued in the recent phenomenon, with the enactment of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act 2002. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act 2002 has been enacted to protect the investors, who invest in the form of securities by refining the accurat eness and trustworthiness of the company’s financial disclosure. This law was basically enacted in retort to the frequent reporting of accounting scandals in early 2000s, especially drawing from the inferences in the Enron case. Correspondingly, this particular law complies with a motive similar to that endured in the Hippocratic Oath to raise integrity and moral values amid the medical professionals and the physicians for practicing medicine with truthfulness, but in the paradigm of accountants and auditors in the 21st century context (Newsome & Wilson, 2006; Tyson, 2001). Although these two laws deal with different realms of professionalism, while the effectiveness and complete realization of the intended virtues of Hippocratic Oath in raising the moral values of medical practitioners remain dubious (Stern & Papadakis, 2006; Gilman, 2005), the effectiveness of Sarbanes-Oxley Act is implying the same for accountants and auditors has also been a subject of major concern. Henc e, the focal point of the discussion henceforth is not to differentiate between these two laws but is rather confined to critically examine the roots and the effectiveness possibilities of Sarbanes-Oxley Act 2002 as a measure to stimulate moral understanding and develop conscience within accountants and auditors to avoid instances such as Enron’s collapse in the future. This essay, in precise, thus intends to discuss about the public policies associated with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act 2002 from a critical viewpoint. History of the Act Public Policy Prescription Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act 2002 reflects about the financial reports that need to incorporate certain certifications to prove its accuracy, transparency and legitimacy. The policy further stresses on the fact that it is the responsibility of the financial officers to review the report before signing their agreement to the disclosed facts, in order to ensure that the report being framed does not entail ‘Mat erial Untrue Statement’. Eventually, the signing officers are considered as solely responsible for the internal controls of a company and thus, the only enforcer to accounting integrity. Correspondingly, Sarbanes-Oxley Act 2002’s section 401 incorporates the policies associated with the financial disclosures. In accordance to this particular section, the financial statements being published must be accurate. Furthermore, these financial statements must incorporate ‘Material Off-Balance Sheet’ transactions or liabilities. The commission here is basically required to conduct a detailed study on the ‘Off-Balance Transaction’. According to the policies of Sarbanes-Oxley Act 2002 mentioned under section 404, the issuers must publish information concerning the scope along with the adequacy in the annual reports. Eventually, the section 409 of the concerned act focuses on the responsibilities of the issuers to inform the public on immediate basis per taining to any change(s), which occurs within their financial

Construction Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Construction Law - Essay Example The first will deal with actions Innocent can take in relation to the inferior materials under contract law and industry statute. The second section deals with standards to be used by Innocent’s architects to call for changes and review. Finally, this section will deal with the dampness problem that was discovered after the contract was rectified. Question (A) In this section, the position of Innocent in relation to their architects's findings are examined in relation to the principles of contract law, breach of contract and the common law doctrine of temporary disconformity. Rules The terms of a contract can be express by incorporation by the terms of reference or implied by relevant legal rues. Exclusion clauses cannot be applied in cases of negligence and major activities that are not done in good faith1. In this broad and general framework, the HGCRA states that the construction contract requires a contractor to build to specification2. The Joint Contracts Tribunal (JCT) a lthough is not statutory has a composition made up of various professional associations which set standards in the building industry. Traditionally a building's structures and diagrams are to be drawn by an architect and supervised by the same architect throughout the construction process3. The architect is not part of the contract but engaged by a party, usually the sponsor or employer in a separate contract. The architect is an independent party and an agent of the employer who must operate ethically and independently4. Express terms in contracts become conditions and when they are not followed and honoured, it can lead to an action for a breach of contract5. Quality standards and quality specifications in a building contract become a form of conditions which must be adhered to. Failure to adhere to these expressly agreed standards leads to a potential breach of contract. In English Common Law, a breach of implied or express term can authorise the aggrieved party to sue for a brea ch of collateral contract under tort or sue for quantum meruit for a breach of statutory duty6. Temporary disconformity could be fully reward if the contractor makes a timely request to change the parts in order to remedy an issue that is capable of being corrected7. In Surrey V Lovell8, it was held that new destruction that damages a property during the various construction stages creates different circumstances9. Rather, in a situation where a builder quickly moves to rectify the situation, an action for a breach of contract will not stand as long as the temporary disconformity is fixed in a timely manner. Application The JCT Design and Building Contract 2011 Edition gives Innocent the right to get the inferior materials fixed. All they need is to get their architects to provide a report and they can demand the modification of the materials by Handyman. Handyman has an option of fixing the defective parts and other aspects. If they are able to do it in a timely manner, they can cl aim temporary disconformity and prevent further actions. But if they refuse, Innocent can take the action further and sue for a breach of contract since the materials used clearly do not conform with the agreed materials and level of quality that is specified in the contract. Conclusion Innocent has the right to sue for a breach of contract. This is because the fundamental specifications that invoked the contract have not been followed to specification. Hence, they can move to get Handyman to fix it. If Handyman fixes it,

Changing the Stereotypical View of Native Americans in the Movie, Dance

Changing the Stereotypical View of Native Americans in the Movie, Dances With Wolves The movie Dances With Wolves begins with John Dunbar in the medic tent awaiting his leg to be cut off because of an injury and the fear of it getting gangrene. He manages to keep it when the doctors say they are too tired to work on another patient. Dunbar then decides that he wants to keep his leg when he sees one of the other soldiers hobbling around. After leaving the tent, he found that there had been no push by either side in the battle they were in, so he decided to ride a horse right in front of enemy lines in an attempt to get it started and to die. He rode twice, but neither time got shot. When he arrived back at his home line, he was a hero and was granted the horse he rode and was permitted to go to any post he desired. Dunbar had always wanted to go west to see the frontier so he requested the farthest west post. In preparing to go on the trip, he found that a soldier going out there is to be an "Indian fighter." There was a wagon driver who was willing to take him out to the post, but he annoyed Dunbar. On the way out, they saw human skulls and demolished wagon, which put a little fear in Dunbar. On arriving, Dunbar found no one there. The wagon driver tried to convince him to go back with him but Dunbar refused saying that that was his post. They then unloaded the wagon and stocked the building with the supplies. Then, as the driver was going back home, he as attacked by some Indians and killed. Dunbar stayed at the post and did some repairs and explored the surrounding area. There was a wolf that came around now and then to watch which eventually became Dunbar's companion. During this time a few Indians visited him. A... ...he entire animal leaving no waste. Another is by showing how the white men treated each other and the Native Americans. How the whites would be cruel to the Native Americans just because that was who they were. The Sioux however, were not violent or cruel to Dunbar just because he was white, but were cautious and fearful of him at first. Once they got to know him, they were more open to him willing to accept him as their friend. This movie seemed to change allegiance from the white European Americans to the Native Americans rather successfully and effectively changing the stereotypical view of Native Americans by showing which group was actually the cruelest. It demonstrated it by showing which group was the invaders and which group was the invaded. It also demonstrated this by showing how each group lived and interacted with each other and those around them.

Social Media Advertising

Internet Advertising: Social Networking First Name Last Name BUS 123 Introduction To Advertising Dr. First name and last name September 26, 2010 Internet Advertising Now more than ever, small businesses can promote themselves online by targeting customers and expanding their networks, often for little or no cost. Businesses can promote themselves through a variety of techniques such as targeting customers by demographics, contributing to online discussions and drawing attention to new services. Advertising in the 21st century has become very versatile because of various online social websites like Facebook and Twitter, along with other blog atmosphere websites like Pinterest and Craigslist. In the last decade, the explosion of technological advances has produced unprecedented events in the history of mankind. One of them is the Internet and its conversion into a new medium for marketing and the use of social communication in advertising. Inevitably, the internet has changed our lives. In  traditional media, newspapers, radio  and television  can cause information overload  and change the perception  of the audience (Janoschka, 2004). The  Internet is not  exempt from this  danger, but  has the potential to  do something different,  because  it can directly reach  the target audience  and interact with it. A function of memory is to forget, especially information that is not significant. The challenge of advertising is to make you remember the ads. The purpose is to sell. The good publicity convinces the viewer to buy the product. This requires creating an attractive brand image and strengthening it with each ad. Advertising employs both verbal and nonverbal elements that are composed to fill specific space and time formats determined by the sponsor. Advertising reaches people through a channel of communication referred to as a medium. Today, technology enables advertising to reach its’ target audience efficiently through the Internet. In the 1990’s, the Internet became a major part of American society and is the fastest growing type of advertising. Its more than just banner ads, it means large format interactive ads, search-engine marketing, creating special promo videos for web download and supporting TV ads with online sites. Communication among people all over the world is effortless, and information on almost any topic is just a few keystrokes away. As a public global platform open to all kinds of information, entertainment, and communication, one of which is online advertising, it has become the latest mass medium. † (Janoschka, 2004). Internet technology allows delivering the right message to the right person at the right time while helping advertisers to reach their audience. From  the moment the   surfer  enters  the web to search for information, pop ups appear allowing the audience to subscribe to  mailing lists that  will send  continuous  news, promotions, articles, etc. , depending on   their preferences. This allows the  seller  to better  reach its target  and maintain  continuous  communication  in the shortest  time possible. .Most online ads do not come to you as an individual, but by your interests in various subjects, your location or, in general, by your behavior during internet navigation. In most countries, it is possible to divide the audience by geographic area based on IP address, which facilitates advertising companies that offer products and services in those areas. Websites use demographic data to learn more their audience. When registering with a portal or website, you normally provide certain personal information such as your age, gender, hobbies, etc. With this information, websites offer relevant content and advertisements based on the information provided. Some companies specialize in a data collection process known as behavioral advertising which matches ads to the interests of users based on their surfing habits. As users browse, advertisers collect data on their online activity: sites visited, time spent on each ad shown, ads that were clicked, when and how often you click on the banners. Today, cookies are tools that allow advertisers to target advertising to specific audiences and segments. Compared  with traditional media  the cost of  internet advertising is  extremely low, and  because of its effectiveness  and its high potential for growth, it is  ideal  for small  and medium businesses that  do not have large  resources to invest  in other media. Then the questions  arise: how  to advertise  online? What is the  correct way  to? There is no  magic formula  that a media planner can you use but here are some suggestions. Due to the internet being global, the network gives the possibility to reach all audiences in the world. With internet advertising one must  include,  email,  search engine  registration, and banners which are  ads with  motion graphics which  are located in different  sites  of the network  as a gateway  input  to a website. Using email as a form of advertisement is easy and free. All that is required is to sign up for email with your internet  service provider  or a  free  mail  server  such as Yahoo  mail or Gmail and send emails to  the potential  customers with  offers  or information  on products. According to Arens, â€Å"Google is the most popular destination on the web reaching an astonishing 40 percent of all Web users each day† (pg 337). Search engines are only responsible for registering portal websites and their content and then delivery the results to the users who made requests for information. The following is an example of how a search engine works. A user uses the search engine  of their choice and  asks to find  companies  that export  tomatoes. The search engine will  send  in response  with a list of websites of companies  that fulfill  the request and  then the user can  enter  the different sites  to see  what they need and select the company that  meets  their requirements. The  banner system  is  one means  of internet advertising  that is more effective: You can choose  the categories  to be displayed and  include descriptive words  to detect  if the user is  looking for that particular product. The  banners  are similar to the  rotating  banner  but  the difference is that  the user can interact  with them. As in any  project,  internet advertising  should begin  by  making  a strategic plan. The result will be  better planning of  a website and  the ability to maintain  the user's attention  and customer loyalty. The presence of internet advertising will be an excellent complement to traditional media advertising and may end up becoming one of the priorities of advertisers. For now, more and more ads in the media show the direction taken by advertisers along with customer care and other services of interest. User forums, blogs  and  social networking  sites like Facebook and Twitter  are invaluable resources  for monitoring  companies' reputations  and interests of  consumers of services and  products. Facebook is the largest social network in the world with more than 500 million people connected to each other. Facebook has not surpassed Yahoo! o be the second most popular site on the web behind Google. Facebook's popularity has increased due to the ability to connect individuals without geographical barriers. The uniqueness of Facebook allows people to meet virtually to discuss and share their interests with each other (Arens, Schaefer, Weigold, 2011). There are 60 million status updates posted every day in over 65 languages. Facebook's audience is far superior to any other mass medium like TV channels, radio or press Facebook has revolutionized advertising not only by the size of its audience, but also by the engineering behind its operation. It allows an analytical and intelligent marketing to reach the precise target audience through market segmentation according to gender, age, geographic location, country, city and locality, educational level, likes, interests, product preferences, favorite activities, favorite programs and language. For example, it is now possible to know without extensive market research which countries have the largest number of youth between 18 and 35 years and who love rock music, football and a certain brand of beer. Having a presence in social media is a must have for most brands. Facebook created Pages for businesses to post information about their services or products. When using a search engine, your Facebook Page will be one of the main results of your search. Consumers have tremendous power and influence on a brand and trust recommendations of other consumers they don’t know. According to Barefoot, â€Å"Groups and applications gain popularity one friend of a friend of a friend at a time† (Barefoot, pg 174). The result is friends becoming fans or joining groups encouraging them to purchase a product or service that is being discussed or advertised. Twitter is still a very popular social media networking site, although adoption is declining. Compared to Facebook, Twitter has 50 million tweets created each day and the average Twitter account has an average of 300 followers. Social networking is important to marketers because it gives them the opportunity to show customers that they are listening to what they have to say about a brand or product and respond accordingly. The possibilities are endless. It is common for  organizations to provide direct consumer  messages  daily  on Twitter, maintain  a Facebook page, or depending  on your industry  also  a profile  on MySpace. Social networking has completely changed the way we communicate with each other. Everyone has a voice and an outlet to reach millions of people instantly with either Facebook or Twitter. The internet  is  an advertising medium  with a great future  because it is interactive  can be customized or  delivered to users  according to their  preferences. There is  immediate feedback  and can communicate  directly  with users  to resolve their doubts and  concerns and with  a global reach. The internet  brings  great potential  for use in  the field  of marketing, market research,  direct marketing,  sales promotion, trade mail and, of course,  advertising communication. As a society  we must be prepared  to confront and  take advantage of  the opportunities  this new technology  gives us. References Arens,W. , Schaefer, D. , & Weigold, M. (2012). Advertising. McGraw Hill Irwin. New York